سنڌي ٻولي جي انجنيئرنگ ۽ بقا

هن وقت دنيا ۾ 6099 ٻوليون ڳالهايون وڃن ٿيون جڏهن ته سوين ٻوليون مري چڪيون آهن يا ختم ٿي چڪيون آهن.  ٻولي جي ماهرن اڳڪٿي ڪئي آهي ته ايندڙ ڪجھ ڏهاڪن ۾ ٻولين جي اڪثريت مري ويندي يا ختم ٿي ويندي. ٻولي جي ختم ٿيڻ ۽ مري وڃڻ ۾ فرق  اهو آهي ته جن ٻولين جو هڪ به ڳالهائيندڙ نه آهي ۽ نه ئي انهن جي لکت جو ڪواستعمال آهي ته انهن ٻولين کي ختم ٿيل ٻولي چئجي ٿو ۽ جن ٻولين جا ڳالهائيندڙ موجود نه آهن يا اهي ٻوليون صرف تاريخ جي صفحن ۾ موجود آهن ۽ انهن ٻولين جو لفظن جو ڀنڊار يا ڪارپس موجود آهي ته اهي مئل ٻوليون چورائجن ٿيون. هت ڪيتريون ئي اهڙيون ٻوليون آهن جيڪي ختم ٿيڻ يا مري وڃڻ جي مرحلي ۾ آهن جيڪي ڪجھ ڏهاڪن ۾ ختم ٿي وينديون يا مري وينديون. امريڪا، يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ ايشيا جون ڪيتريون ٻوليون ختم ٿي چڪيون آهن ۽ ڪيتريون وري مري چڪيون آهن. 
وڌيڪ روزاني جيجل اخبار 28 نومبير 2018 ۾ پڙهي سگهو ٿا. لنڪ هيٺ ڏجي ٿي

http://dailyjeejal.com/e-paper/2018-11-28/news/page4/1%20(5).htm 

AUTOMATIC STEMMING AND LEMMATIZATION PROCESS FOR SINDHI TEXT

Mazhar Ali Dootio  and Asim Imdad Wagan 

Abstract: Stemming and lemmatization are preprocessing steps in the NLP for language modeling and information retrieval system. Searching, information retrieving and other text analysis problems of Sindhi text increase day to day since Sindhi data grow on internet. Lots of research studies have been conducted on NLP problems of languages other than Sindhi language thus, deficiency of NLP resources for Sindhi text lemmatization and stemming processes generate research tasks to design a research methodology for solution of Sindhi computational linguistics problems. A little research work has been done on Sindhi stemming and lemmatization processes, therefore, this work is an addition to Sindhi stemming and lemmatization process.  Sindhi is one of the significant languages of the sub-continent having lexicons with more inflections, diacritics and morphological structures. Therefore, development of computational linguistics and NLP resources for Sindhi text, perform significant role in solving computational, NLP, information retrieval, machine translation and other text analysis problems of Sindhi language. Research Methodology structure the research problem of this study. It solves the lemmatization and stemming problems of Sindhi language by proposing novel algorithms. Algorithms identify the Sindhi lexicons from Sindhi text and performs the lemmatization and stemming process. NLP tools are developed on basis of proposed algorithms for Sindhi text lemmatization and word stemming. Algorithm-1 is proposed for Sindhi lexicons lemmatization process and Algorithm-2 is proposed for Sindhi lexicons stemming process. This research work may be helpful and beneficial for linguistics research, search engines, information retrieving systems, machine translations as well as computational linguists for Sindhi corpus analysis, however, more research work is required on Sindhi text Word2Vec, topic modeling, sentiment and semantic analysis and feature distribution for information retrieval and language variation analysis.

KEYWORDS: Sindhi NLP, Lemma, Stemming, computational linguistics, lexicon

Research Gate Link. You may find full paper

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328202210_AUTOMATIC_STEMMING_AND_LEMMATIZATION_PROCESS_FOR_SINDHI_TEXT?fbclid=IwAR2V07sYdTXYV1-yK7pLZYmGFZTzlitBOqdlfXcQho7t1I6XM1tpfIbx1Ng

Journal Link

https://jssir.neduet.edu.pk/sites/default/files/JSSIR/Abstract%20and%20key%20words/AUTOMATIC%20STEMMING%20AND%20LEMMATIZATION%20PROCESS.txt

انا ۽ همت افزائي

مظهر علي ڏوتيو

ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ماڻهو پنهنجي انا ۽ ڪنهن خوف خاطر اصل ۽ ڪم ڪندڙ ماڻهن کي نظر انداز ڪندا آهن ۽ انهن جي ڪم کي اهميت نه ڏيندا آهن بلڪ انهن جي ڪم کي گهٽ ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪوشش ڪندا آهن. شايد اهڙي قسم جا ماڻهو انهن ماڻهن جي ڪم کي سمجهي نه سگهندا آهي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن ماڻهن جو ڪم هنن جي ذهني سطح کان تمام گهڻو مٿاهون هوندو آهي. اهڙن ماڻهن جي رويي ۽ انا جو نقصان قومن ۽ انهن جي ٻولي، ثقافت، تهذيب وغيره کي ٿيندو آهي. ماڻهو پنهنجو پاڻ کي مٿاهون سمجهڻ ۽ پاڻ کي مٿاهون ڪرڻ جي چڪر ۾ عظيم مقصد کي وڃائي ويهندا آهن. اهڙن روين وارا ماڻهو هر قوم ۾ هوندا آهن. سنڌي قوم ۾ به اهڙا رويا رکندڙ ماڻهو موجود آهن جن جي ڪري ڪجھ اهم ڪم ڪندڙ ماڻهو پنهنجو ڪم روڪي ڇڏيندا آهن ۽ ڪي وري اهڙن ماڻهن جي سوچ ۽ عمل کي نظر انداز ڪري پنهنجو ڪم جاري رکندا آهن ڇاڪاڻ ته ڪم ڪندڙ ماڻهون اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ ڪم نه ڪندا آهن بلڪه قوم ۽ ڌرتي لاءِ ڪم ڪندا آهن، هو پنهنجي ضمير آڏو جوابده هوندا آهن. اهي قومون ترقي وڌيڪ ڪنديون آهن جيڪي ٻئي جي ڪم کي مڃن، اهميت ڏين انهن جي مدد ڪن بجاءِ جو انهن تي تنقيد ڪن يا انهن جي غلا ڪن. هر قوم ۾ جينئس ماڻهو پيدا ٿيندا آهن جيڪي ٿوري وقت ۾ اڪيلا هوندي به سالن جو ڪري ڇڏيندا آهن پر منفي روين وارا ماڻهو انهن جي ڪم کي مڃڻ بجاءِ تنقيد جو نشانو بڻائيندا آهن. حقيقت ۾ اهڙن ماڻهن جي همت افزائي ڪرڻ گهرجي ٻي صورت ۾ نقصان قوم جو ٿيندو. هاڻي انهن ماڻهن تي منحصر ٿئي ٿو تو ڪم ڪندڙ ماڻهن جي اهمت افزائي ڪندا يا ائين ئي تنقيد ۽ غلا ڪندا رهندا.
پنهنجي قوم لاءِ سوچو پاڻ لاءِ نه!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

سنڌي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا ۾ سنڌي ڪمپيوٽنگ جو حصو

قاسم ڪيهر
تاريخ جي سهيڙ جو ڪم جن فردن يا ادارن جي ذمي هُجي ٿو انهن کي سرشٽيءَ جي تمام وڏي ذميواري مليل هُجي ٿي. اهڙي ئي ذميواري اسانجو پنهنجو سنڌ جو ادارو سنڌي ٻوليءَ جو باختيار ادارو (Sindhi Language Authority) به نڀائي رهيو آهي. جنهن طرفان انسائيڪلوپيڊيا سنڌيانا ترتيب ڏيڻ جو تمام وڏو ڪم پڻ ڪجھه سالن کان تمام گھڻي محنت سان ڪيو پيو وڃي. تنهن هوندي ڪجھه ننڍيون ننڍيون شيون اچڻ کان رهجي وڃن ٿيون جنهن جا ڪيترائي هلڪا ڦلڪا سبب ٿي سگھن ٿا ۽ اهڙي قسم جي ڪنهن تمام وڏي ڪم کي پهريون دفعو سهيڙ هيٺ آڻڻ ۾ اهڙو عمل ٿي وڃڻ فطري پڻ آهي. پر جڏهن ڪنهن تاريخ جي بنيادي معلومات ۾ ڪي بنيادي شيون يا فرد ۽ انهن جي ڪيل خدمتن جو اندراج رهجي وڃي ته اُن کي ننڍو چئي نظر انداز نٿو ڪري سگھجي. اهڙي ئي هڪ ضروري اندراج جي رهجي وڃڻ جي خبر تڏهن پئي جڏهن لسانيات ۾ ڊاڪٽريٽ ڪيل ۽ سنڌي ڪمپيوٽنگ جي بنيادي ڪم ڪندڙ ساٿين جي سٿ جي هڪ ساٿي ۽ اسانجي هڪ پياري دوست ڊاڪٽر مظهر علي ڏوتيي هڪ ذاتي قسم جي فيس بوڪ ميسيج ۾ پنهنجي اندر جو احوال ونڊيو ته ”سنڌي ڪمپيوٽنگ“ جي ڄاڻ وارن صفحن ۾ سندس خدمتن کي وساريو ويو آهي. ان سلسلي ۾ هيٺ ڪجھه عڪس موجود آهن جيڪي انهيءَ جي شاهدي ڏين ٿا. ڊاڪٽر مظهر علي ڏوتيو جي انهيءَ ڪم جي حوالي سان هڪ ويب سائيٽ پڻ ترتيب ڏنل آهي، جنهن مان ڪيترائي ماڻهو روزانو استفادو حاصل ڪن ٿا. انهيءَ ويب سائيٽ ۽ انسائيڪلوپيڊيا سنڌيانا جي ”سنڌي ڪمپيوٽنگ“ واري صفحي جي لنڪ پڻ هيٺ ڏنل آهي. جتي وزٽ ڪري اوهان انهيءَ سموري ماجرا کي ڄاڻي سگھو ٿا ۽ اندازو ڪري سگھو ٿا ته جديد ڪمپيوٽنگ ۾ ٻوليءَ جي انهيءَ خدمت ڪندڙ ماڻهو جي رياضت متعلق ڄاڻ کي انهيءَ تاريخي سهيڙ ۾ شامل نه ڪرڻ گھرجي؟!
http://www.sindhinlp.com/index.php
http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php

رايا ۽ احساس

مظهر علي ڏوتيو

اسان سامسنگ يا ٻين ڪمپنين جي پروڊڪٽس تي جيڪي رايا ڏيون ٿا سي انگريزي يا اردو يا رومن اردو ۾ لکون ٿا، جنهن سان انگريزي ۽ اردو ۾ تحقيق ڪندڙن کي تمام گھڻو فائدو ٿئي ٿو. پر سنڌي ۾ ڳولا ڪندڙن کي ڏکيائي ٿئي ٿي، ڇو ته اهي سڀ جا سڀ رايا سنڌي ۾ ترجمو ڪري لکڻا پون ٿا. ان سان گڏ سنڌي ٻولي کي وڏو نقصان ٿئي ٿو. انگريزي يا اردو ۾ لکڻ سان انگريزي يا اردو ۾ لفظن جو ڀنڊار يا ڪارپس ٺهي ٿو جنهن سان لسانيات يا راين تي ايناليسز جي حوالي سان تمام گهڻي تحقيق ٿي رهي آهي.

اهڙي قسم جي تحقيق ٻولين کي بين الاقوامي سٿ ۾ شامل ڪري ٿي. جيڪڏهن اهو سڀ ڪجھ سنڌي ۾ لکبو ته دنيا جا تحقيق ڪندڙ ٻولي جا ماهر سنڌي تي به تحقيق ڪندا اهڙي طرح سنڌي ٻولي تمام گهڻي ترقي ڪندي. ٻيو فائدو اهو ته اهي ادارا سنڌي ماڻهن کي نوڪري ڏيندا ته جيئن هو ماڻهن جا رايا پڙهي سگهن. راين کي پڙهڻ ۽ انهن کي اينالائيز ڪرڻ سان ڪمپني کي تمام گهڻو فائدو پهچي ٿو هو انهن راين جي ذريعي پنهنجي پروڊڪٽس ۾ تبديليون آڻن ٿا. مختلف ڪمپنين جا ڪال سينٽر ٺهيل آهن جتي هو فون ڪالز ذريعي پنهنجي ڪسٽمرس جا مسئلا ٻڌن ٿا ۽ انهن کي حل ڪن ٿا. اسان کي انهن سان سنڌي ۾ ڳالهائڻ گهرجي ته جيئن سنڌي ۾ آواز جو ڪارپس ملي سگهي جنهن سان سنڌي ٻولي تي تحقيق ۾ اضافو ٿيندو ۽ سنڌي ماڻهن کي انهن اداران ۾ نوڪريون ملي سگهن.

آءُ اهڙي قسم جي تحقيق جو حصو آهيان جنهنڪري سنڌي ٻولي عالمي ٻولين جي سٿ ۾ شامل ٿي چڪي آهي. مون پاڻ اهڙي قسم جا ڪارپس ٺاهيا آهن پر اهي گهڻي تعداد ۾ نه آهن. تنهنڪري اسان سڀ سنڌي ۾ لکڻ شروع ڪريون ته جيئن ٻولي ۾ ذريعن جو واڌارو به ٿئي، ٻولي لاءِ لفظن جو ڀنڊار به ٺهي ۽ تحقيق ۾ اضافو ٿئي. تنهنڪري هاڻي وڌ کان وڌ سنڌي ۾ پڙھو، سنڌي لکو ۽ سنڌي ڳالھايو. ڪاروباري دنيا جي بازار سان بہ سنڌي ٻولي ۾ لھ وچڙ ۾ اچو.

http://www.sindhinlp.com/

Quantum Computing: A New Era of Computing Technology

Mazhar Ali Dootio
My this article is published in online newspaper The Sindh Times

http://www.thesindhtimes.com/blogs/quantum-computing-new-era-computing-technology/

The development of computing system is really a great invention of the world. Because majority of the discoveries are done due to computer technology. Therefore, computing technology has brought a revolution in developing a world technologically as well as converting it into a global village. Now a day, people are very much happy with the current computer systems and information technological infrastructures. The scientific work is growing day to day because of latest computing system. The emergence of new technology called quantum computing, has opened new doors of development and high speeds processors. A quantum computer exploits properties of quantum physics to perform certain types of calculations more efficiently than any classical computer. Now traditional computing systems will be like abacus for whole world because quantum computing system will replace the traditional computers. Quantum computing is computing which is developed on basis of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as Superposition and entanglement. A quantum computer is a device that performs quantum computing. Such a computer is different from binary digital electronic computers based on transistors. Whereas common digital computing requires that the data be encoded into binary digits, usually called bits, each of which is always in one of two definite states such as 0 or 1. Quantum computation uses quantum bits or qubits, which can be in superposition of states. A quantum Turing Machine is a theoretical model of such a computer, and is also known as the universal quantum computer. Quantum computing is the area of study focused on developing computer technology based on the principles of quantum theory, which explains the nature and behaviour of energy and matter on the quantum level. Development of a quantum computer would mark a leap forward in computing capability far greater than that from the Abacus to a modern day Super-Computers. The quantum computer, following the laws of quantum physics, would gain enormous processing power through the ability to be in multiple states, and to perform tasks using all possible permutations simultaneously. Current centers of research in quantum computing include MIT, IBM, Oxford University, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Quantum computers could one day provide breakthroughs in many disciplines, including materials and drug discovery, the optimization of complex systems, and artificial intelligence. But to realize those breakthroughs, and to make quantum computers widely use able and accessible, we need to re imagine information processing and the machines that do it.

The essential elements of quantum computing originated with Paul Benioff, working at Argonne National Labs, in 1981. He theorized a classical computer operating with some quantum mechanical principles. But it is generally accepted that David Deutsch of Oxford University provided the critical impetus for quantum computing research. In 1984, he was at a computation theory conference and began to wonder about the possibility of designing a computer that was based exclusively on quantum rules, then published his breakthrough paper a few months later. With this, the race began to exploit his ideas. However, before we probe into what he started, it is beneficial to have a look at the background of the quantum world.

The development of actual quantum computers is still in its infancy even in the year 2018, but experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational operations were executed on a very small number of quantum bits. Both practical and theoretical research continues, and many national governments and military agencies are funding quantum computing research in additional effort to develop quantum computers for civilian, business, trade, environmental and national security purposes, such as crypt-analysis. A small 20-QUBIT quantum computer exists and is available for experiments via the IBM Quantum Experience project. D-Wave Systems has been developing their own version of a quantum computer that uses annealing.

Large-scale quantum computers would theoretically be able to solve certain problems much more quickly than any classical computers that use even the best currently known algorithms

A Comparison of Classical and Quantum Computing

Classical computing depend on its ultimate level, on principles expressed by Boolean algebra, operating with a logic gate principle. Data must be processed in an exclusive binary state at any point in time - that is, either 0 (off / false) or 1 (on / true). The millions of transistors and capacitors at the heart of computers can only be in one state at any point. While the time that each transistor or capacitor need be either in 0 or 1 before switching states is now measurable in billionths of a second, there is still a limit as to how quickly these devices can be made to switch state. As we progress to smaller and faster circuits, we begin to reach the physical limits of materials and the threshold for classical laws of physics to apply. Beyond this, the quantum world takes over, which opens a potential as great as the challenges that are presented.

The Quantum computer, by contrast, can work with a two-mode logic gate: XOR and a mode called QO1 (the ability to change 0 into a superposition of 0 and 1, a logic gate which cannot exist in classical computing). In a quantum computer, a number of elemental particles such as electrons or photons can be used, with either their charge or polarization acting as a representation of 0 and /or 1. Each of these particles is known as a quantum bit, or qubit, the nature and behaviour of these particles form the basis of quantum computing. The two most relevant aspects of quantum physics are the principles of superposition and entanglement.

Superposition

Think of a qubit as an electron in a magnetic field. The electron's spin may be either in alignment with the field, which is known as a spin-up state, or opposite to the field, which is known as a spin-down state. Changing the electron's spin from one state to another is achieved by using a pulse of energy, such as from a laser - let's say that we use 1 unit of laser energy. But what if we only use half a unit of laser energy and completely isolate the particle from all external influences? According to quantum law, the particle then enters a superposition of states, in which it behaves as if it were in both states simultaneously. Each qubit utilized could take a superposition of both 0 and 1. Thus, the number of computations that a quantum computer could undertake is 2^n, where n is the number of qubits used. A quantum computer comprised of 500 qubits would have a potential to do 2^500 calculations in a single step. This is an awesome number - 2^500 is infinitely more atoms than there are in the known universe This is true parallel processing - classical computers today, even so called parallel processors, still only truly do one thing at a time: there are just two or more of them doing it. But how will these particles interact with each other? They would do so via quantum entanglement.

Entanglement Particles such as photons, electrons, or qubits that have interacted at some point retain a type of connection and can be entangled with each other in pairs, in a process known as correlation . Knowing the spin state of one entangled particle - up or down - allows one to know that the spin of its mate is in the opposite direction. Even more amazing is the knowledge that, due to the phenomenon of superposition, the measured particle has no single spin direction before being measured, but is simultaneously in both a spin-up and spin-down state. The spin state of the particle being measured is decided at the time of measurement and communicated to the correlated particle, which simultaneously assumes the opposite spin direction to that of the measured particle. This is a real phenomenon (Einstein called it "spooky action at a distance"), the mechanism of which cannot, as yet, be explained by any theory - it simply must be taken as given. Quantum entanglement allows qubits that are separated by incredible distances to interact with each other instantaneously (not limited to the speed of light). No matter how great the distance between the correlated particles, they will remain entangled as long as they are isolated.

Taken together, quantum superposition and entanglement create an enormously enhanced computing power. Where a 2-bit register in an ordinary computer can store only one of four binary configurations (00, 01, 10, or 11) at any given time, a 2-qubit register in a quantum computer can store all four numbers simultaneously, because each qubit represents two values. If more qubits are added, the increased capacity is expanded exponentially.

IBM Q is an industry first initiative to build universal quantum computers for business and science. IBM Q quantum devices are accessed using Qiskit, a modular, open-source programming framework. A worldwide network of Fortune 500 companies, academic institutions, and start-ups use IBM Q technology and collaborate with IBM Research to advance quantum computing. IBM has several real quantum devices and simulators available for use through the cloud. These devices are accessed and used through Qiskit, and open source quantum software development kit, and IBM Q Experience, which offers a virtual interface for coding a quantum computer. IBM is rapidly driving scientific advancements and discovery in improving the functionality of quantum computers and realizing quantum’s potential to solve some of the today’s unsolvable problems in areas such as chemistry, machine learning and optimization. The IBM Q Experience Community brings together researchers and quantum enthusiasts to share, connect and collaborate.

D-Wave system’s flagship product, the 2000 qubit D-Wave 2000Q quantum computer, is the most advanced quantum computer in the world. It is based on a novel type of superconducting processor that uses quantum mechanics to massively accelerate computation. It is best suited to tackling complex optimization problems that exist across many domains such as: Optimization, Machine learning, Sampling / Monte Carlo, Pattern recognition and anomaly detection, Cyber security, Image analysis, Financial analysis, Software / hardware verification and validation and Bioinformatics / cancer research.

Quantum computing is latest and emerging development of modern era. It will change the structure and style of current computing systems as well as world. What we imagine our future computer world will be provided by quantum computing. Future research on quantum computing may change even the physical structure of world by virtualization / virtual reality. Therefore, the next wave of computing, which will supercharge artificial intelligence and cryptography, involves going quantum computing.